A~Z nya Piala Dunia 2010

[Dementor]

spiritnya sama kyk topik yg ada di CS dan tempat2 lain dimana posting diurutkan berdasarkan abjad.

gw mulai dulu dengan informasi bagus ttg tuan rumah PD10, Afrika Selatan. ada artikel "dari A sampe Z" yg gw kutip dari fifadotcom, setelah itu disambung aja dengan hal2 seputar pildun, ga harus AfSel aja

jangan diinterupsi dulu ya, biarkan gw ngepost lengkapin dulu A-Z nya South Africa

[Dementor]

Apartheid

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Apartheid literally means "apartness" in Afrikaans. It was a policy of institutionalised segregation made into law in 1948 when the Afrikaaner National Party were governing South Africa. The laws were to the distinct detriment of the black population of the country.

South Africans were classified into different races by the apartheid government, and were given and denied rights according to these classifications. White people were afforded the most rights and privileges. Black people were denied basic human rights and often had their civil rights impinged upon.

The black population did not have freedom of movement, and were forced to carry passes - similar to an internal passport - at all times until the law was finally repealed in 1986.

'Black', 'Indian' and 'coloured' (mixed heritage) people were disenfranchised and forced to live in separate residential areas. Blacks were also not allowed to own land. They were forced to live in 'homelands' - areas demarcated by the apartheid government and considered outside of South Africa.

The imposed segregation led to the formation of the anti-apartheid movement, which fought against the racially segregated South African State. After more than half-a-century of struggling, apartheid ended and, in 1994, a new constitution was ratified and the country had its first democratic elections.

The movement gave rise to many famous humanitarians who made it their life's mission to fight the oppression. Nelson Mandela, Desmond Tutu, Oliver Thambo and Steve Biko all gained recognition as they were instrumental in the forging of South African democracy.

During the 1980's, a protester stood outside the South African High Commission in London, as a sign of opposition to the apartheid government of South Africa.


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[Dementor]

Big Five

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The term 'big five' was historically used to denote the five most dangerous animals to hunt in South Africa. However, at present, the term simply refers to South Africa's most popular and exciting creatures: the lion, leopard, elephant, buffalo and rhinoceros.

The so-called king of beasts, the lion, is on everybody's list of animals to see. The fascination is no doubt due to the size and awesome power of this big cat, as well as its formidable hunting prowess.

A more elusive cat than the lion, the leopard, is the most adaptable of the large predators and may still be found in close proximity to man. It is able to survive in almost any environment, be it the forest, savannah, desert or mountain top.

The African Elephant is the largest land mammal and perhaps the continent's most charismatic creature. Their magnificence and apparent compassion captivates game viewers and seemingly the whole of the human imagination.

Closely related to the domestic cow, the African buffalo is one of the most successful and ecologically important mammals on the African continent. Buffalo are completely dependent upon surface water, so are absent from arid and semi-arid regions but are widespread and common in savannah, woodland and forest environments.

The final member of the big five is the rhinoceros, encompassing the white and black rhino species. Apart from differing facial features, the two species of African rhino are similar in height, averaging about 1.6m at the shoulder, but the Black Rhinoceros has roughly half the mass of a White Rhino, weighing in at a demure 1000 kg. The most noticeable difference between the two is that the White Rhinocerous has broad lips, while the Black variety has pointed lips.


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[Dementor]

Culture

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Culture is something South Africa boasts in great abundance. The country has distinct cultural influences from all walks of life, leading Archbishop Desmond Tutu to proclaim South Africa a 'rainbow nation'. There is not a singular culture, but rather a variety of different cultures, which are all respected under the South African Constitution and are ultimately unique to the country.

Art and music are intrinsic to this diverse nation. Art, for example, can range from the rock paintings in the uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Mountains, to the brightly painted huts of the Ndebele tribe. Traditional artwork includes intricate beadwork, ceramics and tapestry.

There is also a eclectic mix of music available. Johnny Clegg sings in Zulu and Abdullah Ibrahim is a smooth jazz maestro, along with trumpeter Hugh Masekela. Lady Smith Black Mambazo has also received critical acclaim, as has Miriam Makeba. Musicians can range from traditional music, pop, rock and reggae to the distinctive sound of Kwaito.

South Africa also has seven UNESCO World Heritage sites, including Robben Island, and the Cradle of Humankind. There is also an abundance of museums and cultural villages, informing visitors about tribal traditions.

Even football has its own culture, with a distinct South African flavour.


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[Dementor]

Desmond Tutu

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Desmond Mpilo Tutu was born on 7 October 1931 in Klerksdorp. He was a fierce campaigner against the apartheid government of South Africa. He was originally a teacher, but as the apartheid government of South Africa began to blatantly implement inferior education for black students, he resigned as he felt could not be part of an education system which would prepare black students for an inferior role in society. He opted to become a student in the Anglican ministry and in 1961 became a priest.

In 1978, Tutu became the general secretary of the South African Council of Churches (SACC). This gave him greater political power to stand in opposition to apartheid as he was supported by the churches affiliated to the SACC. Tutu travelled extensively between 1970 and 1990, campaigning for the civil rights of the marginalised black population of South Africa.

Always at the forefront of progressive leadership, Tutu became the first black Archbishop of Cape Town. This was symbolic at the time, as Tutu was now the head of the Anglican Church in South Africa, while apartheid policies were in full effect. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984 for his efforts and was also the recipient of the Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitariasm.

After the end of apartheid, Tutu oversaw the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.

Tutu has a close relationship with FIFA World Cups ™. He was an active campaigner for South Africa, turning up for the announcement of the 2010 FIFA World Cup hosts and also the Preliminary Draw for the 2006 FIFA World Cup ™ in Germany.

There is a band named after him called Desmond and the Tutu's.


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[Dementor]

Eleven Languages

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There are 11 official languages in South Africa. These languages are enshrined in the country's constitution. They are recognised to be Afrikaans, English, Ndebele (isiNdebele), Northern Sotho (Sesotho sa Leboa), Sotho (seSotho), Swati (siSwati), Tsonga (Xitsonga), Tswana (Setswana), Venda (Tshivenda), Xhosa (isiXhosa) and Zulu (isiZulu).

There are also the Khoi, Nama and San languages that are indigenous to the ancient hunter-gatherers who roamed Southern Africa. The /Xam language of the Khoisan became extinct in the early 20 th century. These languages and languages used for religious purposes such as Arabic and Hebrew are also protected under the South African constitution.

Zulu is the most spoken language but most people in the larger cities also speak English. South Africa has pockets of German, Portuguese, Greek and Italian speaking peoples. All documents are written in English as well as road signs.

The influence of the many languages in South Africa has resulted in a hybrid of words borrowed from different languages used in common conversation.

The motto on the South African coat of Arms, "!ke e: /xarra //ke" is written in the extinct Khoisan language /Xam. It literally means 'diverse people unite'.


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[Dementor]

Football

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In South Africa, football is not merely a sport, but an institution.

The professional league is known as the Premier Soccer League (PSL) and is independently run. The season runs parallel to the major European leagues.

The senior national team is known as Bafana Bafana, which is Zulu for 'the boys'. South Africa has a tendency for nicknaming their national teams; the U-23 national football team is known as Amaglug-glug.

Football in South Africa is governed by the South African Football Association (SAFA). SAFA has recently become a member of the FIFA family. It was banned from FIFA in 1975 for its segregated sports practices, but was readmitted in 1992 with a standing ovation. In order for this to happen, four historically divided football associations, servicing different parts of the South African population had to amalgamate into a single unified association.

Football culture has also emerged from the passion South African fans have for the beautiful game. Makarapas and Vuvuzelas are standard accessories for the dedicated fan.

The 1990s was certainly a good decade for South African football. Highlights included:

• Bafana Bafana winning the Africa Cup of Nations in 1996.
• Qualifying for France 1998, South Africa's first-ever FIFA World Cup.
• Orlando Pirates winning the CAF African Champions Cup in 1995 and a year later, winning the CAF African Super Cup.
• The South African national team qualifying for the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Korea/Japan.

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[Dementor]

Great South Africans

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South Africa has many great sons and daughters who have made invaluable contributions to world culture.

Albert Lutuli was the first black and indeed the first African Nobel Prize winner in 1960. He was the leader of the African National Congress his house arrest prevented him from continuing his duties.

Desmond Tutu is known for his role in the international arena as a staunch opponent of apartheid, using his position as the South African Council of Churches to argue against the segregation. He won a Nobel Peace Prize in 1984 for his endeavours.

Nelson Mandela and FW De Klerk were instrumental in negotiating an end apartheid in South Africa. They were both nominated for Nobel Peace Prizes in 1993 and continue their humanitarian work. Together, they ushered in a new democracy for South Africa.

Tutu, Mandela and De Klerk were present for the announcement of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, making it the first time three Nobel Laureates were present for a FIFA World Cup host country announcement.

Other great South Africans include Christiaan Barnard, who performed the world's first successful heart transplant, and Nobel Prize winner Max Theiler, who produced the vaccine to fight Yellow Fever. In sport, Gary Player is widely regarded as one of the greatest golfers of all time.


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[Dementor]

History: Key Dates

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South Africa has a history spanning back many thousands of years. In fact, the oldest humanoid fossils were found at the Cradle of Humankind near Johannesburg. Below is a brief introduction to the history of South Africa.

BC:
Khoi-San Hunters migrate south with their livestock into the present day Limpopo valley

1300 - 1500:
SeSotho-SeTswana people settle in the interior, while Nguni-speaking people settled on the south-eastern seaboard and the Khoi-San settled in the south-western Cape.

1488:
Vasco Da Gama successfully navigates the southern coast of Africa (present day South Africa) and successfully finds a route to India

1652:
Jan Van Riebeek lands at Cape Town

1659:
Khoi-San rebel against the new settlers

Middle 1700s- 1850:
White immigrants, mainly Dutch and French Huguenots, move inland and fight fierce battles with the already settled Xhosa and Zulu tribes.

1800-1850:
The British settlers also have encounters with the Zulu in present-day KwaZulu-Natal.

1899:
Anglo-Boer War

1910:
South Africa becomes a Union

1948:
Apartheid formalised, although the black population were already not treated equally

1960:
69 killed in Sharpville for protesting pass laws; Anti-apartheid parties are banned

1961:
South Africa becomes a Republic

1976:
Soweto Uprising

1990:
FW De Klerk lifts the ban on anti-apartheid parties; Nelson Mandela released from prison

1994:
First general elections with universal suffrage; Mandela become President of South Africa

2002:
South Africa awarded the rights to host the 2010 FIFA World Cup ™

2004:
South Africa celebrates 10 years of democracy


The first recorded football match in South Africa was played in 1862 in Cape Town between British Officers and Civil Servants.



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[Dementor]

Indian and Atlantic Ocean

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South Africa's coastline stretches almost 3000 kilometres and has the rare natural phenomenon of two oceans meeting on its shores. The Indian Ocean, with its warm Agulhas Current, and the Atlantic Ocean, carrying the cold Benguela current, meet at Cape Agulhas. A common misconception is that this confluence occurs at Cape Point, which is an hour outside of Cape Town.

The influence of the two oceans creates a unique biodiversity and greatly affects the climate of the country. The Benguela current has rich plankton waters, which make perfect fishing grounds and the Agulhas current brings rain. The mixture of the two currents also creates turbulent storms, with waves reaching up to 30 metres, many of which have wrecked ships.

Cape Agulhas, was originally named Cabo das Agulhas (Cape of Needles) by Portuguese sailors because of its rugged coastline. It is also the southern-most tip of Africa. The South African coast is also home to a variety of whale species that migrate to its shores, especially at Hermanus and Plettenberg Bay, to calf during the winter months.

Gaansbaai in the Western Cape is also one of two places in the world where the great white shark breaches.


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